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Terve mullaelustik on kasulik kogu põllumaale

23.12.2020

Mullaelustik

MILLEKS ON KASULIK

Muld on üks elurikkamaid keskkondi Maal, kus võib leida lugematul arvul baktereid, seeni, algloomi, putukaid, hooghännalisi, loimureid, ämblikulaadseid, rõngusse, vihmausse, tuhat- ja sajajalgseid, imetajaid ning palju teisi [35–37]. Kogu sellel elurikkusel on väga oluline roll mullakeskkonna kujundamisel, aga ka maapealse elustiku ning arvukate looduse hüvede tagamisel [35]. 

Näiteks ainuüksi taimede olulised sümbiootilised partnerid, arbuskulaarset mükoriisat moodustavad seened, mõjutavad mulla struktuuri ja agregatsiooni [36,38], vee liikumist mullas [36], vähendavad toitainete leostumist [36,39] ja kasvuhoonegaaside eraldamist atmosfääri [40], reguleerivad lämmastiku- ja süsinikuringet, sh. soodustavad süsiniku sidumist mulda [36], parandavad fosfori jt. toitainete omastamist taimede poolt [36,41] ning seega ka taimede kasvu ning saagikust [42], konkureerivad patogeenidega mullas, vähendades nende arvukust [43] ning vähendavad seeläbi ka vajadust pestitsiidide järele [36]. Ka kõigile hästi tuntud vihmaussid mõjutavad mulla struktuuri, lagundavad orgaanilist ainet, reguleerivad toitainete jaotust mullas, soodustavad taimede kasvu ja vähendavad patogeenide, näiteks teatud kultuurtaimede seenpatogeenide hulka, vähendades seega ka vajadust fungitsiidide järele [44].

Mullaelustiku mitmekesisuse vähenemine võib viia mitmete probleemide võimendumiseni nagu vähenenud maapealne biomass, pinnavee eutrofeerumine, patogeenide levik ning kliimamuutused [36]. Tavapärased intensiivpõllumajanduse võtted nagu intensiivne kündmine, tugev väetamine, pestitsiidide kasutamine ja madal kultuurtaimede mitmekesisus kahjustavad mulda, kahandavad selle elurikkust ning seavad ohtu mulla poolt pakutavate looduse hüvede toimimise [36,44,45]. Mulla kvaliteedi ja funktsioonide langus toob kaasa ka olulise majandusliku kahju [44]. 

KUIDAS SOODUSTADA

Kasutades looduslikest ökosüsteemidest ammutatud teadmisi, on võimalik valida sobivad majandamisvõtted, et soodustada mullaelustiku mitmekesisust ning mullakeskkonna poolt pakutavaid looduse hüvesid [36]. Nii on võimalik kontrollida patogeene, parandada taimedele kättesaadavate toitainete hulka, vähendada toitainete kadu ja erosiooni, soodustada mulla kujunemist ja süsiniku sidumist ning stabiliseerida saagikust [36,44]. 

Mullaelustiku soodustamiseks on soovitatav näiteks mittekündmine, vähendatud kündmine ja ribakünd [36,38,46]. Seejuures näiteks arbuskulaar-mükoriissetele seentele on eriti kahjulik sügisene kündmine ja ka süvakünd [46]. 

Alternatiivsete künnimeetoditega koos on hea kasutada võtteid, mis soodustavad kultuurtaimede mitmekesisust ruumis (nt. vahekultuurid) ja ajas (viljavaheldus ja kattekultuurid) [36,38,44,45]. Nii on võimalik vähendada mullas kahjulike patogeenide hulka ning suurendada näiteks järgmisele kultuurile kasulike mikroorganismide hulka [36,47]. Samuti on hea kasvatada koos erinevaid kultivare [36] ning eelistatult selliseid, mis on vähem vastuvõtlikud patogeenidele [44]. Näiteks on leitud, et erinevate riisi kultivaride (seenhaigusele vastuvõtlike ja mittevastuvõtlike) kasvatamine koos ühel põllul aitas lõpuks hoida ära vajaduse fungitsiidide kasutamise järele ning tõstis samas saagikust [48].

Pestitsidide ja mineraalsete väetiste mittekasutamine või vähendatud kasutamine aitavad samuti soodustada kasuliku mullaelustiku mitmekesisust, parandada mulla struktuuri ning suurendada mulla orgaanilise aine sisaldust [36,38,41,44,49].

Kõigi meetmete kirjeldusteks vaadake tabelit.

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